![]() ![]() If you are the only user on a personal system, you will only see your home directory. What you see here depends on your system. To view all user's home directories, cd to the /home directory. Regular user accounts have personal directories under the /home directory. Every user on a Linux system has a home directory. As stated before, when you first log in, you're placed into your home directory. Changing directories is a frequent activity on a Linux system. Very closely related to the pwd command is the cd command. The pwd command always displays the full path to your location, even if you're multiple directories deep from the root ( /) directory, which is why I see /home/khess rather than khess or /khess. Linux users use it frequently before changing or removing files to be sure of their current location. If you get lost, or just wonder where you are in the filesystem, this is the command that will tell you. Try the following, and you will see that you're in your home directory, which is shown in the format /home/: It has no other function than supplying that bit of information to you. The pwd command is your Linux system's compass, in that it tells you where you are. You have created a new empty file, today.txt. Otherwise, this use offers a quick way to create a file without opening a text editor and then saving an empty file: Some programs require that a file exists to operate correctly, and this is one method of kickstarting such a process. The common use for touch is to create an empty file as a placeholder. Using touch to update last accessed time is actually an infrequent use of this command. Use touch to update the last accessed timestamp: 1 khess khess 114 Jul 23 19:09 students.txt The command's output displays the permissions, ownership, size, created or last accessed date/time, and the filename: If you list the contents of a directory in long format with: Its designated purpose is to update the timestamps on files. The touch command is another one that serves a dual purpose. You can concatenate as many files as you want into a single file using cat. ![]() $ cat grocerylist.txt todo_list.txt > Saturday.txt To use cat for its file concatenation powers, the general form of the command is:įor example, to redirect the contents of grocerylist.txt and todo_list.txt into the Saturday.txt file: If you want to see a file's contents, use the following format:įor example, you might type the following to display the contents of the system's passwd file on the screen: Printing the contents of files is by far the more frequent use of this command. The cat command is important as a basic command because it serves two very important functions: concatenating (merging) files (as the name suggests) and printing the contents of a file to the screen. As an example, look at the man page for the ls command. Use the Enter key to advance one line at a time, the ' b' key to go back, the Space bar to advance a full-screen page, and the ' q' key to exit the man page. The abbreviated command for referencing this documentation is, man and a screen-full of information appears before you. They're referred to as manual pages, as in read the manual. Linux has an extensive set of online documentation for your reference. The -a switch-or option, as it's called-shows you all files, even hidden ones. You now see several files beginning with a period. Hidden files in Linux begin with a period (. In your home directory, where you are now, you probably have hidden files. You've successfully listed the contents of the /etc directory, but you can actually list files in several different ways. The /etc ( et-see) directory is where a Linux system's configuration files live.Ī large number of files (over 200) appear on your screen. The ls command won't show you much in your home directory on a new system, so let's explore a directory that contains a lot of files and directories: /etc. If you simply type ls at a prompt ( $), you'll see all non-hidden files in your current directory, which is your home directory when you first log into a Linux system. The list ( ls) command is equivalent to the DOS DIR command, in that it lists files and directories. How well do you know Linux? Take a quiz and get a badge.Linux system administration skills assessment.A guide to installing applications on Linux.Download RHEL 9 at no charge through the Red Hat Developer program. ![]()
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